BUDDHA
February 19, 2009 at 7:37 PM | In historical figures | Leave a Comment
Tags: BUDDHA
Gautama Buddha Prince Siddhartha real name founder of Buddhism, one of the largest religions in the world. Kapilavastu king's son, northeast India. borders with Nepal. Siddhartha himself (the clan of the tribe of Sakya Buddha) was born in Lumbini, now including the territory of Nepal. Married at the age of sixteen years with his cousin the same age. Brought up in luxury in the palace, Prince Siddhartha no taste for good living berleha, inattentive, and heavy-feeling extremely dissatisfied. From the glittering palace window he looked into the outside and saw the poor lying in the streets, not the afternoon breakfast, or not able to eat at all. Day after day after the necessities of life that never afford as a bunch of wheat in the ass hanging in the nose. Tarolah that the trash. While the haves were often kehinggapan discontent, anxious anxious, upset and depressed because of all diseases that plagued every time dragged him to the grave. Siddhartha thought, this situation must change. Should manifest the meaning of life in the real sense of the word, and not just temporary pleasure that is always overshadowed by the suffering and death.
When twenty-nine years old, shortly after their first son was born, Gautama decided he must leave palace life and mengharnbakan themselves to the search for truth is not gilding. Thinking is not merely think, but act. With merry way he left the court, without taking a child-bini, without bringing the goods and property of any kind, and became homeless with no penny in my pocket. The first step, for a while, he was pursuing knowledge of the wise men in those days and after pocketing enough knowledge, he came to the conclusion the problem solving human discontent.
General assumes that ascetic true path to wisdom. On the basis of the assumption that Gautama tried to become a hermit, so many years of fasting and abstinence as good-great. Eventually he realized that conduct torture yourself just edges blur the mind, and instead leads closer to the real truth. Think a thought, he decided it better to eat like a normal human being and stop all kinds of ascetic because the action was not only useless but can make a skinny body, sluggish, firefly eyes, sleepy, rheumatic pain, not even close to stupid.
In a quiet peaceful solitude he wrestled with the life of a human problem. Finally one night, when he was sitting under a broad-leaf trees and fruit of pear shape semacarn laden seeds of all kinds, then the puzzle berdatanganlah life problems like falling on him. Siddhartha pondered all night in deep and when the sun broke the eastern horizon, and he gasped in unison was convinced that solved complex problems, and she began at that time called himself the Buddha "who were given the information."
At that age stepped three-five years. Time age of forty-five years wandering along dipergunakannya northern India, spread the new philosophy in front of audiences who are willing to listen. When he died, 483 years BC, had hundreds of thousands of followers of his teachings. Although his words were not written but memorized adage-petuahnya by many followers in his head, passed on from one generation to the next generation through the mouth alone.
Basic Buddhism can be summed up in what the term adherents "Four virtues of truth:" First, that human life is basically not happy; second, the cause of this unhappiness is to think of self-interest, and bound by lust; third, thoughts of self-interest own and desire could be pushed out when all the lust and desire could be eliminated, the teachings of the Buddha called nirvana; fourth, weighing right, think right, talk right, do right, make a living right, trying to correct, given the right, right meditation. Buddhism can ditarnbahkan's open for anyone, regardless of whatever race he is, (this is what distinguishes it from Hinduism).
Some time after the death of Gautama the new religion spread slowly. In the 3rd century BC, a great Indian emperor named Asoka's power became followers of Buddhism. Thanks to its support, the spread of Buddhism shot torrent, not just in India but also in Burma. From here agarna it spread throughout Southeast Asia, to Malaysia and Indonesia.
The wind spread the influence was not just blowing to the south but also to the north, broke in Tibet, to Afghanistan and Central Asia. Not until there. He grabbed mengambah influence of China and not made with the amount and from there crossed over to Japan and Korea.
While in India's own new religion began to decrease its influence after about 500 AD in fact almost extinct in the year 1200. By contrast, in China and in Japan, Buddhism remains a subject of religion. Similarly, in Tibet and Southeast Asia experienced religious heyday centuries.
Buddhist teachings are not written until many centuries after the death of Gautama. Because it is easy understandable why religion is fragmented into various sects. Two major branches of Buddhism are Theravada branch-effects, especially in Southeast Asia and the assumption by most Western scholars is the branch closest to the teachings of the Buddha-original. Another branch of Mahayana, the weight of his influence lies in Tibet, China and also in Southeast Asia in general.
Buddha, as founder of one of the largest religions in the world, certainly worthy ranked almost top levels in this book list. Because the number of followers of Buddhism lived 200 million compared with Islamic believers who number 500 million and one billion adherents of Christianity, its influence is smaller than the Buddha or Muhammad Isa. However, different number of adherents, if a measure is exceedingly tight, can also be misleading. For example, the demise or decline of Buddhism in India was not any drop down but because Hinduism has absorbed many teachings and Buddhist principles into his body. In China too, a large number of people who no longer openly calls himself a Buddhist in the practice of everyday life was very influenced by the philosophy of religion.
Buddhism, far surpasses both Islam and Christianity, has elements pacifis very prominent. Proceed from the view that without this violence plays an important role in the political history of countries berpenganut Buddha.
Many people say if one day Jesus came back down to earth he would stare shocked at all what people are doing on their behalf, and will be anxious for the bloodshed that occurred in the conflict between different sects of each opinion equally claim to be followers. So was going to happen to the Buddha. He could not be gaping gaping seen so many sects of Buddhism that grew everywhere, each different from each other even though they claim to Buddhists. Narnun, however semrawutnya sects which differ from each other is not sarnpai cause bloody religious wars as happened in the Christian world of Europe. In this connection, at least means the Buddha's teachings was far deeper than its followers lived by the teachings of Jesus dalarn connection the same.
Buddha and Kong Hu-Cu have approximately equal influence on the world. Both are living in a period of almost simultaneously, and the number of his followers were not much different. My choice of putting the Buddha's name ahead of Hu-Cu Kong in the order was based on two considerations: first, the development of Communism in China was almost wiped out the influence of Hu-Cu Kong, while the future seems more Buddhist still gaps and influence than in Kong Hu - Cu; second, the failure of the teaching-Kong Hu Cu spread beyond China to show how closely link teaching bertautnya-Kong Hu Cu manner and procedure of the old Chinese era. Conversely, there is no Buddhism contains statements test or chewing on the previous Indian philosophy and Buddhism spread stepped yard line-Indian country-leaning ideas and genuine Gautama wide range philosophy.
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100 MOST INFLUENTIAL FIGURES IN THE WORD
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History Isaac Newton
19 February 2009 at 7:33 PM | In historical figures | Leave a Comment
Tags: 1642-1727, Law Newton, Isaac Newton, Isaac Newton 1642-1727, History of Isaac Newton
Isaac Newton, most scientists and most influential ever live in the world, was born in Woolsthrope, England, on Christmas day in 1642 years, coincident with his death Galileo. Like the Prophet Muhammad, he was born after his father died. In the kid he already shows a real finesse in the field of mechanics and very dexterous hands to use. Although children with a brilliant brain, it seems the school reluctantly and not attract attention. When grown baliq turn, remove it from her mother's school in the hope that their children can be a good farmer. Fortunately the mother can be, that the main talent is not there. At age eighteen he entered the University of Cambridge. This is where Newton is lightning absorb what is popular and with science and mathematics and also to quickly start their own investigations. Between the ages of twenty-one and twenty-seven years he has been putting the basics of the theory of knowledge, which in turn and change the world.
Mid-17th century is the period pembenihan knowledge. The invention of binoculars stars near the beginning of the century that has recast the entire opinion on the science of astrology. English philosopher Francis Bacon and the French philosopher René Descartes both cried out to scientists all over Europe so that it no longer rest on the power Aristoteles, but to experiment and research on the basic point of departure and their own needs. What is presented by Bacon and Descartes, has been practiced by the great Galileo. Use binoculars stars, for the discovery of new astronomical research by Newton has revolutionize the field of investigation, and that the mechanics in the sector have produced what is now famous as the "Law movement Newton" the first.
Great scientists, like William Harvey, discoverer of blood circulation and particulars Johannes Kepler inventor governance movement sphere-sphere around the sun, presents information that is fundamental for the Cendikiawan. Despite that, science is still a pure intellectual indulgence, and can still not be-if-used technology in science that can change the basic pattern of human life, as predicted by Francis Bacon.
While Copernicus and Galileo is to kick up some fringe members digress about the ancient knowledge and understanding that has been presenting genah more about the universe, but there is no one basic thought is carefully terumuskan able to distort the pile and the gurem unfounded menyusunnya in a while theory that allows prediction of the prognosis, a more scientific. No other of Isaac Newton, the person who is capable of presenting the theory that terangkum neatly and placed the first stone of modern science is now so arusnya the conviction.
Newton itself somewhat reluctantly published and announced the discovery of-penemuannya. Basic idea is far disusunnya years before 1669, but many new theory-a theory known publicly for many years thereafter. Penemuannya is the first publication of the penjungkir-balikan suspicion about the long-light situation. In a careful experiment serentetan, Newton found the fact that what is commonly called the "white light" is actually nothing more of a mixture of all colors of the rainbow. And he was very careful analysis of the consequences of law light refraction and reflection. Keep him on the law-in 1668 - to design and build the first reflecting telescope, binoculars model used by most investigators kemintang-stars at this time. These, together with the results obtaining in the field of optical experiments that have been diperagakannya, is presented by the research institution to the kingdom of England, when he was twenty-nine years.
The success of Newton in the field of optics may be sufficient only to sit on the Newton sequence list this book. Meanwhile there is the invention of the invention of the less-important in the field of pure mathematics and mechanics in the field. Terbesarnya offerings in the field of mathematics is penemuannya about "integral calculus" that may dipecahkannya when he was twenty-three or twenty-four years. These are the most important works in the field of modern mathematics. Not only is the seed from which grew the theory of modern mathematics, but furniture is not terelakkan without penemuannya the progress of modern knowledge which comes following a case that is impossible. Even Newton did not do anything more, the invention of "integral calculus" it is only sufficient to menuntunnya to the list of high-order this book.
But the discovery of Newton-discovery that is important in the field of mechanics, the knowledge about the movement of objects. Galileo is the first law that inventors describe the movement of objects when not influenced by outside forces. Of course, basically all the objects affected by outside forces and the most important issue in the case is how the mechanics of objects moving in the circumstances. This problem is solved by the Newton's second law geraknya and storied, and can be considered as a law that most classical physics major. Second law (the matcmatik described dcngan of F = ma) that acceleration is the same object with the style divided net mass objects. Against the second law of Newton to the famed three laws of movement (affirming that, in each action, such as physical strength, there is a reaction similar to that of the other) and the most talked-about penemuannya scientific rule of law universal gravity. The four devices this law, when combined, will form a unity system in effect for the entire macro system mechanics, from the Pendulum to pergoyangan movement in the planet-planet orbitnya encircle the sun that can be monitored and the movement-geriknya can be predicted. Newton not only set the laws of mechanics, but he himself is also using calculus mathematics, and shows that the fundamental formula, this formula can be used for problem solution.
Newton law can and has been used in the broad field of scientific scale and design of various areas of technical equipment. In the period of his life, pemraktekan the most dramatic is in the field of astronomy. In this sector also stood the front of the Newton. Year 1678 Newton published a book of his famous principles of mathematics natural philosophy (usually summarized Principia only). In books Newton revealed that theory of gravity and the law on legal movement. He shows how the laws that can be used to estimate the exact movements around the planet-planet of the sun. Major problem gestures astronomy is how to estimate the exact position and movement of stars and planetary-kemintang-sphere, so by Newton terpecahkan fully only once with the sambar. Top of her works is often considered to be a Newton astronom the largest of all the biggest.
What our assessment of the importance scientifics Newton? When we open-open index encyclopedia of science, we will be met with respect to the Newton laws and findings-penemuannya two or three times more in number than the proposition that any scientist also. Leibniz Cendikiawan big word that is not even close to the Newton was involved in a flare: "Of all the things that the mathematics of the world began to develop the Newton, that is the people who give the best." Also praise given by the great French scholar, Laplace: "The book Principia Newton was far above all a product of human genius in the world." And Langrange often said that Newton is the biggest genius that ever lived. Meanwhile, Ernst Mach in his writings in the year 1901 said, "All the mathematics that is terpecahkan since the period of his life is the basis of mechanics based on the laws of Newton." This may be the discovery of Newton's most difficult: she finds the separation vessel between the facts and the law , is able to delineate some of the magic but not much help to make allegations, allegations; he bequeath to us a series of union laws that are able to create problems in the physics scope of the shocking secret and wide possibilities for the conduct alleged, the alleged right.
In such a brief description, it is impossible reveal in detail the invention of Newton-discovery. As a result, many works of a little less noise even be forced to have important meaning in terms of inventions in the field of the problem itself. Newton also contrib thermodinamika big in the field (investigation on the heat) and in the field of acoustics (science of sound). And he is also presenting a description of the crystal clear like the principles of physics about "curing" the amount of movement that does not terbuang and "curing" the amount of movement that is cornered. The invention of the queue if this would be extended again: Newtonlah people find binomial theorem in mathematics is very logical and can be. Want more? He also, no no not the other, the first person to explain the origin point to persuade the stars.
Nah, soalnya here now: the scientist Newton put the most cheers of all scientists who ever lived on earth. Most shiny stones like emerald stone piles in the middle of times. Put that way. However, there may be people who question the reason I put Newton on the giant pentolan politicians such as Alexander the Great or George Wasington, and called ahead rather than religious figures such as Jesus or Buddha Gautama. Why must so?
Considerations like me. Indeed correct political changes is very important if not essential. Despite that, however, in general, It is the largest human life is not nearly a lot of different between them in the days of five hundred years after Alexander died with them in the days of five hundred before Alexander displayed his mother's womb. In other words, how people live in the year 1500 Anno Domini may be spelled the same way of life great-grandfather great-grandfather bin bin their great-grandfather in the year 1500 before Christ. Now, from the point of the development center of science. In the last five centuries, thanks to the invention of modern scientific-discovery, the way people live day-to-day is a big revolution. Berbusana different ways, different ways to eat, how to work and ragamnya different. In fact, relaxed way of life-careless berleha also not at all similar to what the people consist in time 1500 years after Christ. Scientific discovery is not only revolutionize technology and economy, but also in terms of total change is political, religious thought, art and philosophy. Very langkalah aspects of human life is still "jongkok in place" is not beringsut neck with the scientific revolution. The reason for this-once again-this is the reason for why so many scientists and inventors are listed in the new ideas in this book list. Newton not only the most intelligent among the rows of the brain smart brain, but at the same time he was the most influential figures in the development of the theory of knowledge. That's why he gained honor in order to didudukkan almost top of the many the most influential man in human history. Newton last year exhale breath in 1727, buried in Westminster Abbey, the first scientist to obtain the kind of reverence.
Michael H. Hart, 1978
H. Translation Dottorino Djunaidi, 1982
SIR ISAAC NEWTON
Isaac Newton, ilmuwan paling besar dan paling berpengaruh yang pernah hidup di dunia, lahir di Woolsthrope, Inggris, tepat pada hari Natal tahun 1642, bertepatan tahun dengan wafatnya Galileo. Seperti halnya Nabi Muhammad, dia lahir sesudah ayahnya meninggal. Di masa bocah dia sudah menunjukkan kecakapan yang nyata di bidang mekanika dan teramat cekatan menggunakan tangannya. Meskipun anak dengan otak cemerlang, di sekolah tampaknya ogah-ogahan dan tidak banyak menarik perhatian. Tatkala menginjak akil baliq, ibunya mengeluarkannya dari sekolah dengan harapan anaknya bisa jadi petani yang baik. Untungnya sang ibu bisa dibujuk, bahwa bakat utamanya tidak terletak di situ. Pada umurnya delapan belas dia masuk Universitas Cambridge. Di sinilah Newton secara kilat menyerap apa yang kemudian terkenal dengan ilmu pengetahuan dan matematika dan dengan cepat pula mulai melakukan penyelidikan sendiri. Antara usia dua puluh satu dan dua puluh tujuh tahun dia sudah meletakkan dasar-dasar teori ilmu pengetahuan yang pada gilirannya kemudian mengubah dunia.
Pertengahan abad ke-17 adalah periode pembenihan ilmu pengetahuan. Penemuan teropong bintang dekat permulaan abad itu telah merombak seluruh pendapat mengenai ilmu perbintangan. Filosof Inggris Francis Bacon dan Filosof Perancis Rene Descartes kedua-duanya berseru kepada ilmuwan seluruh Eropa agar tidak lagi menyandarkan diri pada kekuasaan Aristoteles, melainkan melakukan percobaan dan penelitian atas dasar titik tolak dan keperluan sendiri. Apa yang dikemukakan oleh Bacon dan Descartes, sudah dipraktekkan oleh si hebat Galileo. Penggunaan teropong bintang, penemuan baru untuk penelitian astronomi oleh Newton telah merevolusionerkan penyelidikan bidang itu, dan yang dilakukannya di sektor mekanika telah menghasilkan apa yang kini terkenal dengan sebutan “Hukum gerak Newton” yang pertama.
Ilmuwan besar lain, seperti William Harvey, penemu ihwal peredaran darah dan Johannes Kepler penemu tata gerak planit-planit di seputar matahari, mempersembahkan informasi yang sangat mendasar bagi kalangan cendikiawan. Walau begitu, ilmu pengetahuan murni masih merupakan kegemaran para intelektual, dan masih belum dapat dibuktikan –apabila digunakan dalam teknologi– bahwa ilmu pengetahuan dapat mengubah pola dasar kehidupan manusia sebagaimana diramalkan oleh Francis Bacon.
Walaupun Copernicus dan Galileo sudah menyepak ke pinggir beberapa anggapan ngelantur tentang pengetahuan purba dan telah menyuguhkan pengertian yang lebih genah mengenai alam semesta, namun tak ada satu pokok pikiran pun yang terumuskan dengan seksama yang mampu membelokkan tumpukan pengertian yang gurem dan tak berdasar seraya menyusunnya dalam suatu teori yang memungkinkan berkembangnya ramalan-ramalan yang lebih ilmiah. Tak lain dari Isaac Newton-lah orangnya yang sanggup menyuguhkan kumpulan teori yang terangkum rapi dan meletakkan batu pertama ilmu pengetahuan modern yang kini arusnya jadi anutan orang.
Newton sendiri agak ogah-ogahan menerbitkan dan mengumumkan penemuan-penemuannya. Gagasan dasar sudah disusunnya jauh sebelum tahun 1669 tetapi banyak teori-teorinya baru diketahui publik bertahun-tahun sesudahnya. Penerbitan pertama penemuannya adalah menyangkut penjungkir-balikan anggapan lama tentang hal-ihwal cahaya. Dalam serentetan percobaan yang seksama, Newton menemukan fakta bahwa apa yang lazim disebut orang “cahaya putih” sebenarnya tak lain dari campuran semua warna yang terkandung dalam pelangi. Dan ia pun dengan sangat hati-hati melakukan analisa tentang akibat-akibat hukum pemantulan dan pembiasan cahaya. Berpegang pada hukum ini dia –pada tahun 1668– merancang dan sekaligus membangun teropong refleksi pertama, model teropong yang dipergunakan oleh sebagian terbesar penyelidik bintang-kemintang saat ini. Penemuan ini, berbarengan dengan hasil-hasil yang diperolehnya di bidang percobaan optik yang sudah diperagakannya, dipersembahkan olehnya kepada lembaga peneliti kerajaan Inggris tatkala ia berumur dua puluh sembilan tahun.
Keberhasilan Newton di bidang optik saja mungkin sudah memadai untuk mendudukkan Newton pada urutan daftar buku ini. Sementara itu masih ada penemuan-penemuan yang kurang penting di bidang matematika murni dan di bidang mekanika. Persembahan terbesarnya di bidang matematika adalah penemuannya tentang “kalkulus integral” yang mungkin dipecahkannya tatkala ia berumur dua puluh tiga atau dua puluh empat tahun. Penemuan ini merupakan hasil karya terpenting di bidang matematika modern. Bukan semata bagaikan benih yang daripadanya tumbuh teori matematika modern, tetapi juga perabot tak terelakkan yang tanpa penemuannya itu kemajuan pengetahuan modern yang datang menyusul merupakan hal yang mustahil. Biarpun Newton tidak berbuat sesuatu apapun lagi, penemuan “kalkulus integral”-nya saja sudah memadai untuk menuntunnya ke tangga tinggi dalam daftar urutan buku ini.
Tetapi penemuan-penemuan Newton yang terpenting adalah di bidang mekanika, pengetahuan sekitar bergeraknya sesuatu benda. Galileo merupakan penemu pertama hukum yang melukiskan gerak sesuatu obyek apabila tidak dipengaruhi oleh kekuatan luar. Tentu saja pada dasarnya semua obyek dipengaruhi oleh kekuatan luar dan persoalan yang paling penting dalam ihwal mekanik adalah bagaimana obyek bergerak dalam keadaan itu. Masalah ini dipecahkan oleh Newton dalam hukum geraknya yang kedua dan termasyhur dan dapat dianggap sebagai hukum fisika klasik yang paling utama. Hukum kedua (secara matcmatik dijabarkan dcngan persamaan F = m.a) menetapkan bahwa akselerasi obyek adalah sama dengan gaya netto dibagi massa benda. Terhadap kedua hukum itu Newton menambah hukum ketiganya yang masyhur tentang gerak (menegaskan bahwa pada tiap aksi, misalnya kekuatan fisik, terdapat reaksi yang sama dengan yang bertentangan) serta yang paling termasyhur penemuannya tentang kaidah ilmiah hukum gaya berat universal. Keempat perangkat hukum ini, jika digabungkan, akan membentuk suatu kesatuan sistem yang berlaku buat seluruh makro sistem mekanika, mulai dari pergoyangan pendulum hingga gerak planit-planit dalam orbitnya mengelilingi matahari yang dapat diawasi dan gerak-geriknya dapat diramalkan. Newton tidak cuma menetapkan hukum-hukum mekanika, tetapi dia sendiri juga menggunakan alat kalkulus matematik, dan menunjukkan bahwa rumus-rumus fundamental ini dapat dipergunakan bagi pemecahan problem.
Hukum Newton dapat dan sudah dipergunakan dalam skala luas bidang ilmiah serta bidang perancangan pelbagai peralatan teknis. Dalam masa hidupnya, pemraktekan yang paling dramatis adalah di bidang astronomi. Di sektor ini pun Newton berdiri paling depan. Tahun 1678 Newton menerbitkan buku karyanya yang masyhur Prinsip-prinsip matematika mengenai filsafat alamiah (biasanya diringkas Principia saja). Dalam buku itu Newton mengemukakan teorinya tentang hukum gaya berat dan tentang hukum gerak. Dia menunjukkan bagaimana hukum-hukum itu dapat dipergunakan untuk memperkirakan secara tepat gerakan-gerakan planit-planit seputar sang matahari. Persoalan utama gerak-gerik astronomi adalah bagaimana memperkirakan posisi yang tepat dan gerakan bintang-kemintang serta planit-planit, dengan demikian terpecahkan sepenuhnya oleh Newton hanya dengan sekali sambar. Atas karya-karyanya itu Newton sering dianggap seorang astronom terbesar dari semua yang terbesar.
Apa penilaian kita terhadap arti penting keilmiahan Newton? Apabila kita buka-buka indeks ensiklopedia ilmu pengetahuan, kita akan jumpai ihwal menyangkut Newton beserta hukum-hukum dan penemuan-penemuannya dua atau tiga kali lebih banyak jumlahnya dibanding ihwal ilmuwan yang manapun juga. Kata cendikiawan besar Leibniz yang sama sekali tidak dekat dengan Newton bahkan pernah terlibat dalam suatu pertengkaran sengit: “Dari semua hal yang menyangkut matematika dari mulai dunia berkembang hingga adanya Newton, orang itulah yang memberikan sumbangan terbaik.” Juga pujian diberikan oleh sarjana besar Perancis, Laplace: “Buku Principia Newton berada jauh di atas semua produk manusia genius yang ada di dunia.” Dan Langrange sering menyatakan bahwa Newton adalah genius terbesar yang pernah hidup. Sedangkan Ernst Mach dalam tulisannya di tahun 1901 berkata, “Semua masalah matematika yang sudah terpecahkan sejak masa hidupnya merupakan dasar perkembangan mekanika berdasar atas hukum-hukum Newton.” Ini mungkin merupakan penemuan besar Newton yang paling ruwet: dia menemukan wadah pemisahan antara fakta dan hukum, mampu melukiskan beberapa keajaiban namun tidak banyak menolong untuk melakukan dugaan-dugaan; dia mewariskan kepada kita rangkaian kesatuan hukum-hukum yang mampu dipergunakan buat permasalahan fisika dalam ruang lingkup rahasia yang teramat luas dan mengandung kemungkinan untuk melakukan dugaan-dugaan yang tepat.
Dalam uraian yang begini ringkas, adalah mustahil membeberkan secara terperinci penemuan-penemuan Newton. Akibatnya, banyak karya-karya yang agak kurang tenar terpaksa harus disisihkan biarpun punya makna penting di segi penemuan dalam bidang masalahnya sendiri. Newton juga memberi sumbangsih besar di bidang thermodinamika (penyelidikan tentang panas) dan di bidang akustik (ilmu tentang suara). Dan dia pulalah yang menyuguhkan penjelasan yang jernih bagai kristal prinsip-prinsip fisika tentang “pengawetan” jumlah gerak agar tidak terbuang serta “pengawetan” jumlah gerak sesuatu yang bersudut. Antrian penemuan ini kalau mau bisa diperpanjang lagi: Newtonlah orang yang menemukan dalil binomial dalam matematika yang amat logis dan dapat dipertanggungjawabkan. Mau tambah lagi? Dia juga, tak lain tak bukan, orang pertama yang mengutarakan secara meyakinkan ihwal asal mula bintang-bintang.
Nah, sekarang soalnya begini: taruhlah Newton itu ilmuwan yang paling jempol dari semua ilmuwan yang pernah hidup di bumi. Paling kemilau bagaikan batu zamrud di tengah tumpukan batu kali. Taruhlah begitu. Tetapi, bisa saja ada orang yang mempertanyakan alasan apa menempatkan Newton di atas pentolan politikus raksasa seperti Alexander Yang Agung atau George Wasington, serta disebut duluan ketimbang tokoh-tokoh agama besar seperti Nabi Isa atau Budha Gautama. Kenapa mesti begitu?
Pertimbangan saya begini. Memang betul perubahan-perubahan politik itu penting kalau tidak teramat penting. Walau begitu, bagaimanapun juga pada umumnya manusia sebagaian terbesar hidup nyaris tak banyak beda antara mereka di jaman lima ratus tahun sesudah Alexander wafat dengan mereka di jaman lima ratus sebelum Alexander muncul dari rahim ibunya. Dengan kata lain, cara manusia hidup di tahun 1500 sesudah Masehi boleh dibilang serupa dengan cara hidup buyut bin buyut bin buyut mereka di tahun 1500 sebelum Masehi. Sekarang, tengoklah dari sudut perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan. Dalam lima abad terakhir, berkat penemuan-penemuan ilmiah modern, cara hidup manusia sehari-hari sudah mengalami revolusi besar. Cara berbusana beda, cara makan beda, cara kerja dan ragamnya beda. Bahkan, cara hidup santai berleha-leha pun sama sekali tidak mirip dengan apa yang diperbuat orang jaman tahun 1500 sesudah Masehi. Penemuan ilmiah bukan saja sudah merevolusionerkan teknologi dan ekonomi, tetapi juga sudah mengubah total segi politik, pemikiran keagamaan, seni dan falsafah. Sangat langkalah aspek kehidupan manusia yang tetap “jongkok di tempat” tak beringsut sejengkal pun dengan adanya revolusi ilmiah. Alasan ini –sekali lagi alasan ini– yang jadi sebab mengapa begitu banyak ilmuwan dan penemu gagasan baru tercantum di dalam daftar buku ini. Newton bukan semata yang paling cerdas otak diantara barisan cerdas otak, tetapi sekaligus dia tokoh yang paling berpengaruh di dalam perkembangan teori ilmu. Itu sebabnya dia peroleh kehormatan untuk didudukkan dalam urutan hampir teratas dari sekian banyak manusia yang paling berpengaruh dalam sejarah manusia. Newton menghembuskan nafas penghabisan tahun 1727, dikebumikan di Westminster Abbey, ilmuwan pertama yang memperoleh penghormatan macam itu.
Michael H. Hart, 1978
Terjemahan H. Mahbub Djunaidi, 1982
Sejarah Nabi Isa
Most Figure In The Week; Tokoh Minggu Ini
History Isaac Newton
19 February 2009 at 7:33 PM | In historical figures | Leave a Comment
Tags: 1642-1727, Law Newton, Isaac Newton, Isaac Newton 1642-1727, History of Isaac Newton
Isaac Newton, most scientists and most influential ever live in the world, was born in Woolsthrope, England, on Christmas day in 1642 years, coincident with his death Galileo. Like the Prophet Muhammad, he was born after his father died. In the kid he already shows a real finesse in the field of mechanics and very dexterous hands to use. Although children with a brilliant brain, it seems the school reluctantly and not attract attention. When grown baliq turn, remove it from her mother's school in the hope that their children can be a good farmer. Fortunately the mother can be, that the main talent is not there. At age eighteen he entered the University of Cambridge. This is where Newton is lightning absorb what is popular and with science and mathematics and also to quickly start their own investigations. Between the ages of twenty-one and twenty-seven years he has been putting the basics of the theory of knowledge, which in turn and change the world.
Mid-17th century is the period pembenihan knowledge. The invention of binoculars stars near the beginning of the century that has recast the entire opinion on the science of astrology. English philosopher Francis Bacon and the French philosopher René Descartes both cried out to scientists all over Europe so that it no longer rest on the power Aristoteles, but to experiment and research on the basic point of departure and their own needs. What is presented by Bacon and Descartes, has been practiced by the great Galileo. Use binoculars stars, for the discovery of new astronomical research by Newton has revolutionize the field of investigation, and that the mechanics in the sector have produced what is now famous as the "Law movement Newton" the first.
Great scientists, like William Harvey, discoverer of blood circulation and particulars Johannes Kepler inventor governance movement sphere-sphere around the sun, presents information that is fundamental for the Cendikiawan. Despite that, science is still a pure intellectual indulgence, and can still not be-if-used technology in science that can change the basic pattern of human life, as predicted by Francis Bacon.
While Copernicus and Galileo is to kick up some fringe members digress about the ancient knowledge and understanding that has been presenting genah more about the universe, but there is no one basic thought is carefully terumuskan able to distort the pile and the gurem unfounded menyusunnya in a while theory that allows prediction of the prognosis, a more scientific. No other of Isaac Newton, the person who is capable of presenting the theory that terangkum neatly and placed the first stone of modern science is now so arusnya the conviction.
Newton itself somewhat reluctantly published and announced the discovery of-penemuannya. Basic idea is far disusunnya years before 1669, but many new theory-a theory known publicly for many years thereafter. Penemuannya is the first publication of the penjungkir-balikan suspicion about the long-light situation. In a careful experiment serentetan, Newton found the fact that what is commonly called the "white light" is actually nothing more of a mixture of all colors of the rainbow. And he was very careful analysis of the consequences of law light refraction and reflection. Keep him on the law-in 1668 - to design and build the first reflecting telescope, binoculars model used by most investigators kemintang-stars at this time. These, together with the results obtaining in the field of optical experiments that have been diperagakannya, is presented by the research institution to the kingdom of England, when he was twenty-nine years.
The success of Newton in the field of optics may be sufficient only to sit on the Newton sequence list this book. Meanwhile there is the invention of the invention of the less-important in the field of pure mathematics and mechanics in the field. Terbesarnya offerings in the field of mathematics is penemuannya about "integral calculus" that may dipecahkannya when he was twenty-three or twenty-four years. These are the most important works in the field of modern mathematics. Not only is the seed from which grew the theory of modern mathematics, but furniture is not terelakkan without penemuannya the progress of modern knowledge which comes following a case that is impossible. Even Newton did not do anything more, the invention of "integral calculus" it is only sufficient to menuntunnya to the list of high-order this book.
But the discovery of Newton-discovery that is important in the field of mechanics, the knowledge about the movement of objects. Galileo is the first law that inventors describe the movement of objects when not influenced by outside forces. Of course, basically all the objects affected by outside forces and the most important issue in the case is how the mechanics of objects moving in the circumstances. This problem is solved by the Newton's second law geraknya and storied, and can be considered as a law that most classical physics major. Second law (the matcmatik described dcngan of F = ma) that acceleration is the same object with the style divided net mass objects. Against the second law of Newton to the famed three laws of movement (affirming that, in each action, such as physical strength, there is a reaction similar to that of the other) and the most talked-about penemuannya scientific rule of law universal gravity. The four devices this law, when combined, will form a unity system in effect for the entire macro system mechanics, from the Pendulum to pergoyangan movement in the planet-planet orbitnya encircle the sun that can be monitored and the movement-geriknya can be predicted. Newton not only set the laws of mechanics, but he himself is also using calculus mathematics, and shows that the fundamental formula, this formula can be used for problem solution.
Newton law can and has been used in the broad field of scientific scale and design of various areas of technical equipment. In the period of his life, pemraktekan the most dramatic is in the field of astronomy. In this sector also stood the front of the Newton. Year 1678 Newton published a book of his famous principles of mathematics natural philosophy (usually summarized Principia only). In books Newton revealed that theory of gravity and the law on legal movement. He shows how the laws that can be used to estimate the exact movements around the planet-planet of the sun. Major problem gestures astronomy is how to estimate the exact position and movement of stars and planetary-kemintang-sphere, so by Newton terpecahkan fully only once with the sambar. Top of her works is often considered to be a Newton astronom the largest of all the biggest.
What our assessment of the importance scientifics Newton? When we open-open index encyclopedia of science, we will be met with respect to the Newton laws and findings-penemuannya two or three times more in number than the proposition that any scientist also. Leibniz Cendikiawan big word that is not even close to the Newton was involved in a flare: "Of all the things that the mathematics of the world began to develop the Newton, that is the people who give the best." Also praise given by the great French scholar, Laplace: "The book Principia Newton was far above all a product of human genius in the world." And Langrange often said that Newton is the biggest genius that ever lived. Meanwhile, Ernst Mach in his writings in the year 1901 said, "All the mathematics that is terpecahkan since the period of his life is the basis of mechanics based on the laws of Newton." This may be the discovery of Newton's most difficult: she finds the separation vessel between the facts and the law , is able to delineate some of the magic but not much help to make allegations, allegations; he bequeath to us a series of union laws that are able to create problems in the physics scope of the shocking secret and wide possibilities for the conduct alleged, the alleged right.
In such a brief description, it is impossible reveal in detail the invention of Newton-discovery. As a result, many works of a little less noise even be forced to have important meaning in terms of inventions in the field of the problem itself. Newton also contrib thermodinamika big in the field (investigation on the heat) and in the field of acoustics (science of sound). And he is also presenting a description of the crystal clear like the principles of physics about "curing" the amount of movement that does not terbuang and "curing" the amount of movement that is cornered. The invention of the queue if this would be extended again: Newtonlah people find binomial theorem in mathematics is very logical and can be. Want more? He also, no no not the other, the first person to explain the origin point to persuade the stars.
Nah, soalnya here now: the scientist Newton put the most cheers of all scientists who ever lived on earth. Most shiny stones like emerald stone piles in the middle of times. Put that way. However, there may be people who question the reason I put Newton on the giant pentolan politicians such as Alexander the Great or George Wasington, and called ahead rather than religious figures such as Jesus or Buddha Gautama. Why must so?
Considerations like me. Indeed correct political changes is very important if not essential. Despite that, however, in general, It is the largest human life is not nearly a lot of different between them in the days of five hundred years after Alexander died with them in the days of five hundred before Alexander displayed his mother's womb. In other words, how people live in the year 1500 Anno Domini may be spelled the same way of life great-grandfather great-grandfather bin bin their great-grandfather in the year 1500 before Christ. Now, from the point of the development center of science. In the last five centuries, thanks to the invention of modern scientific-discovery, the way people live day-to-day is a big revolution. Berbusana different ways, different ways to eat, how to work and ragamnya different. In fact, relaxed way of life-careless berleha also not at all similar to what the people consist in time 1500 years after Christ. Scientific discovery is not only revolutionize technology and economy, but also in terms of total change is political, religious thought, art and philosophy. Very langkalah aspects of human life is still "jongkok in place" is not beringsut neck with the scientific revolution. The reason for this-once again-this is the reason for why so many scientists and inventors are listed in the new ideas in this book list. Newton not only the most intelligent among the rows of the brain smart brain, but at the same time he was the most influential figures in the development of the theory of knowledge. That's why he gained honor in order to didudukkan almost top of the many the most influential man in human history. Newton last year exhale breath in 1727, buried in Westminster Abbey, the first scientist to obtain the kind of reverence.
Michael H. Hart, 1978
H. Translation Dottorino Djunaidi, 1982
SIR ISAAC NEWTON
Isaac Newton, ilmuwan paling besar dan paling berpengaruh yang pernah hidup di dunia, lahir di Woolsthrope, Inggris, tepat pada hari Natal tahun 1642, bertepatan tahun dengan wafatnya Galileo. Seperti halnya Nabi Muhammad, dia lahir sesudah ayahnya meninggal. Di masa bocah dia sudah menunjukkan kecakapan yang nyata di bidang mekanika dan teramat cekatan menggunakan tangannya. Meskipun anak dengan otak cemerlang, di sekolah tampaknya ogah-ogahan dan tidak banyak menarik perhatian. Tatkala menginjak akil baliq, ibunya mengeluarkannya dari sekolah dengan harapan anaknya bisa jadi petani yang baik. Untungnya sang ibu bisa dibujuk, bahwa bakat utamanya tidak terletak di situ. Pada umurnya delapan belas dia masuk Universitas Cambridge. Di sinilah Newton secara kilat menyerap apa yang kemudian terkenal dengan ilmu pengetahuan dan matematika dan dengan cepat pula mulai melakukan penyelidikan sendiri. Antara usia dua puluh satu dan dua puluh tujuh tahun dia sudah meletakkan dasar-dasar teori ilmu pengetahuan yang pada gilirannya kemudian mengubah dunia.
Pertengahan abad ke-17 adalah periode pembenihan ilmu pengetahuan. Penemuan teropong bintang dekat permulaan abad itu telah merombak seluruh pendapat mengenai ilmu perbintangan. Filosof Inggris Francis Bacon dan Filosof Perancis Rene Descartes kedua-duanya berseru kepada ilmuwan seluruh Eropa agar tidak lagi menyandarkan diri pada kekuasaan Aristoteles, melainkan melakukan percobaan dan penelitian atas dasar titik tolak dan keperluan sendiri. Apa yang dikemukakan oleh Bacon dan Descartes, sudah dipraktekkan oleh si hebat Galileo. Penggunaan teropong bintang, penemuan baru untuk penelitian astronomi oleh Newton telah merevolusionerkan penyelidikan bidang itu, dan yang dilakukannya di sektor mekanika telah menghasilkan apa yang kini terkenal dengan sebutan “Hukum gerak Newton” yang pertama.
Ilmuwan besar lain, seperti William Harvey, penemu ihwal peredaran darah dan Johannes Kepler penemu tata gerak planit-planit di seputar matahari, mempersembahkan informasi yang sangat mendasar bagi kalangan cendikiawan. Walau begitu, ilmu pengetahuan murni masih merupakan kegemaran para intelektual, dan masih belum dapat dibuktikan –apabila digunakan dalam teknologi– bahwa ilmu pengetahuan dapat mengubah pola dasar kehidupan manusia sebagaimana diramalkan oleh Francis Bacon.
Walaupun Copernicus dan Galileo sudah menyepak ke pinggir beberapa anggapan ngelantur tentang pengetahuan purba dan telah menyuguhkan pengertian yang lebih genah mengenai alam semesta, namun tak ada satu pokok pikiran pun yang terumuskan dengan seksama yang mampu membelokkan tumpukan pengertian yang gurem dan tak berdasar seraya menyusunnya dalam suatu teori yang memungkinkan berkembangnya ramalan-ramalan yang lebih ilmiah. Tak lain dari Isaac Newton-lah orangnya yang sanggup menyuguhkan kumpulan teori yang terangkum rapi dan meletakkan batu pertama ilmu pengetahuan modern yang kini arusnya jadi anutan orang.
Newton sendiri agak ogah-ogahan menerbitkan dan mengumumkan penemuan-penemuannya. Gagasan dasar sudah disusunnya jauh sebelum tahun 1669 tetapi banyak teori-teorinya baru diketahui publik bertahun-tahun sesudahnya. Penerbitan pertama penemuannya adalah menyangkut penjungkir-balikan anggapan lama tentang hal-ihwal cahaya. Dalam serentetan percobaan yang seksama, Newton menemukan fakta bahwa apa yang lazim disebut orang “cahaya putih” sebenarnya tak lain dari campuran semua warna yang terkandung dalam pelangi. Dan ia pun dengan sangat hati-hati melakukan analisa tentang akibat-akibat hukum pemantulan dan pembiasan cahaya. Berpegang pada hukum ini dia –pada tahun 1668– merancang dan sekaligus membangun teropong refleksi pertama, model teropong yang dipergunakan oleh sebagian terbesar penyelidik bintang-kemintang saat ini. Penemuan ini, berbarengan dengan hasil-hasil yang diperolehnya di bidang percobaan optik yang sudah diperagakannya, dipersembahkan olehnya kepada lembaga peneliti kerajaan Inggris tatkala ia berumur dua puluh sembilan tahun.
Keberhasilan Newton di bidang optik saja mungkin sudah memadai untuk mendudukkan Newton pada urutan daftar buku ini. Sementara itu masih ada penemuan-penemuan yang kurang penting di bidang matematika murni dan di bidang mekanika. Persembahan terbesarnya di bidang matematika adalah penemuannya tentang “kalkulus integral” yang mungkin dipecahkannya tatkala ia berumur dua puluh tiga atau dua puluh empat tahun. Penemuan ini merupakan hasil karya terpenting di bidang matematika modern. Bukan semata bagaikan benih yang daripadanya tumbuh teori matematika modern, tetapi juga perabot tak terelakkan yang tanpa penemuannya itu kemajuan pengetahuan modern yang datang menyusul merupakan hal yang mustahil. Biarpun Newton tidak berbuat sesuatu apapun lagi, penemuan “kalkulus integral”-nya saja sudah memadai untuk menuntunnya ke tangga tinggi dalam daftar urutan buku ini.
Tetapi penemuan-penemuan Newton yang terpenting adalah di bidang mekanika, pengetahuan sekitar bergeraknya sesuatu benda. Galileo merupakan penemu pertama hukum yang melukiskan gerak sesuatu obyek apabila tidak dipengaruhi oleh kekuatan luar. Tentu saja pada dasarnya semua obyek dipengaruhi oleh kekuatan luar dan persoalan yang paling penting dalam ihwal mekanik adalah bagaimana obyek bergerak dalam keadaan itu. Masalah ini dipecahkan oleh Newton dalam hukum geraknya yang kedua dan termasyhur dan dapat dianggap sebagai hukum fisika klasik yang paling utama. Hukum kedua (secara matcmatik dijabarkan dcngan persamaan F = m.a) menetapkan bahwa akselerasi obyek adalah sama dengan gaya netto dibagi massa benda. Terhadap kedua hukum itu Newton menambah hukum ketiganya yang masyhur tentang gerak (menegaskan bahwa pada tiap aksi, misalnya kekuatan fisik, terdapat reaksi yang sama dengan yang bertentangan) serta yang paling termasyhur penemuannya tentang kaidah ilmiah hukum gaya berat universal. Keempat perangkat hukum ini, jika digabungkan, akan membentuk suatu kesatuan sistem yang berlaku buat seluruh makro sistem mekanika, mulai dari pergoyangan pendulum hingga gerak planit-planit dalam orbitnya mengelilingi matahari yang dapat diawasi dan gerak-geriknya dapat diramalkan. Newton tidak cuma menetapkan hukum-hukum mekanika, tetapi dia sendiri juga menggunakan alat kalkulus matematik, dan menunjukkan bahwa rumus-rumus fundamental ini dapat dipergunakan bagi pemecahan problem.
Hukum Newton dapat dan sudah dipergunakan dalam skala luas bidang ilmiah serta bidang perancangan pelbagai peralatan teknis. Dalam masa hidupnya, pemraktekan yang paling dramatis adalah di bidang astronomi. Di sektor ini pun Newton berdiri paling depan. Tahun 1678 Newton menerbitkan buku karyanya yang masyhur Prinsip-prinsip matematika mengenai filsafat alamiah (biasanya diringkas Principia saja). Dalam buku itu Newton mengemukakan teorinya tentang hukum gaya berat dan tentang hukum gerak. Dia menunjukkan bagaimana hukum-hukum itu dapat dipergunakan untuk memperkirakan secara tepat gerakan-gerakan planit-planit seputar sang matahari. Persoalan utama gerak-gerik astronomi adalah bagaimana memperkirakan posisi yang tepat dan gerakan bintang-kemintang serta planit-planit, dengan demikian terpecahkan sepenuhnya oleh Newton hanya dengan sekali sambar. Atas karya-karyanya itu Newton sering dianggap seorang astronom terbesar dari semua yang terbesar.
Apa penilaian kita terhadap arti penting keilmiahan Newton? Apabila kita buka-buka indeks ensiklopedia ilmu pengetahuan, kita akan jumpai ihwal menyangkut Newton beserta hukum-hukum dan penemuan-penemuannya dua atau tiga kali lebih banyak jumlahnya dibanding ihwal ilmuwan yang manapun juga. Kata cendikiawan besar Leibniz yang sama sekali tidak dekat dengan Newton bahkan pernah terlibat dalam suatu pertengkaran sengit: “Dari semua hal yang menyangkut matematika dari mulai dunia berkembang hingga adanya Newton, orang itulah yang memberikan sumbangan terbaik.” Juga pujian diberikan oleh sarjana besar Perancis, Laplace: “Buku Principia Newton berada jauh di atas semua produk manusia genius yang ada di dunia.” Dan Langrange sering menyatakan bahwa Newton adalah genius terbesar yang pernah hidup. Sedangkan Ernst Mach dalam tulisannya di tahun 1901 berkata, “Semua masalah matematika yang sudah terpecahkan sejak masa hidupnya merupakan dasar perkembangan mekanika berdasar atas hukum-hukum Newton.” Ini mungkin merupakan penemuan besar Newton yang paling ruwet: dia menemukan wadah pemisahan antara fakta dan hukum, mampu melukiskan beberapa keajaiban namun tidak banyak menolong untuk melakukan dugaan-dugaan; dia mewariskan kepada kita rangkaian kesatuan hukum-hukum yang mampu dipergunakan buat permasalahan fisika dalam ruang lingkup rahasia yang teramat luas dan mengandung kemungkinan untuk melakukan dugaan-dugaan yang tepat.
Dalam uraian yang begini ringkas, adalah mustahil membeberkan secara terperinci penemuan-penemuan Newton. Akibatnya, banyak karya-karya yang agak kurang tenar terpaksa harus disisihkan biarpun punya makna penting di segi penemuan dalam bidang masalahnya sendiri. Newton juga memberi sumbangsih besar di bidang thermodinamika (penyelidikan tentang panas) dan di bidang akustik (ilmu tentang suara). Dan dia pulalah yang menyuguhkan penjelasan yang jernih bagai kristal prinsip-prinsip fisika tentang “pengawetan” jumlah gerak agar tidak terbuang serta “pengawetan” jumlah gerak sesuatu yang bersudut. Antrian penemuan ini kalau mau bisa diperpanjang lagi: Newtonlah orang yang menemukan dalil binomial dalam matematika yang amat logis dan dapat dipertanggungjawabkan. Mau tambah lagi? Dia juga, tak lain tak bukan, orang pertama yang mengutarakan secara meyakinkan ihwal asal mula bintang-bintang.
Nah, sekarang soalnya begini: taruhlah Newton itu ilmuwan yang paling jempol dari semua ilmuwan yang pernah hidup di bumi. Paling kemilau bagaikan batu zamrud di tengah tumpukan batu kali. Taruhlah begitu. Tetapi, bisa saja ada orang yang mempertanyakan alasan apa menempatkan Newton di atas pentolan politikus raksasa seperti Alexander Yang Agung atau George Wasington, serta disebut duluan ketimbang tokoh-tokoh agama besar seperti Nabi Isa atau Budha Gautama. Kenapa mesti begitu?
Pertimbangan saya begini. Memang betul perubahan-perubahan politik itu penting kalau tidak teramat penting. Walau begitu, bagaimanapun juga pada umumnya manusia sebagaian terbesar hidup nyaris tak banyak beda antara mereka di jaman lima ratus tahun sesudah Alexander wafat dengan mereka di jaman lima ratus sebelum Alexander muncul dari rahim ibunya. Dengan kata lain, cara manusia hidup di tahun 1500 sesudah Masehi boleh dibilang serupa dengan cara hidup buyut bin buyut bin buyut mereka di tahun 1500 sebelum Masehi. Sekarang, tengoklah dari sudut perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan. Dalam lima abad terakhir, berkat penemuan-penemuan ilmiah modern, cara hidup manusia sehari-hari sudah mengalami revolusi besar. Cara berbusana beda, cara makan beda, cara kerja dan ragamnya beda. Bahkan, cara hidup santai berleha-leha pun sama sekali tidak mirip dengan apa yang diperbuat orang jaman tahun 1500 sesudah Masehi. Penemuan ilmiah bukan saja sudah merevolusionerkan teknologi dan ekonomi, tetapi juga sudah mengubah total segi politik, pemikiran keagamaan, seni dan falsafah. Sangat langkalah aspek kehidupan manusia yang tetap “jongkok di tempat” tak beringsut sejengkal pun dengan adanya revolusi ilmiah. Alasan ini –sekali lagi alasan ini– yang jadi sebab mengapa begitu banyak ilmuwan dan penemu gagasan baru tercantum di dalam daftar buku ini. Newton bukan semata yang paling cerdas otak diantara barisan cerdas otak, tetapi sekaligus dia tokoh yang paling berpengaruh di dalam perkembangan teori ilmu. Itu sebabnya dia peroleh kehormatan untuk didudukkan dalam urutan hampir teratas dari sekian banyak manusia yang paling berpengaruh dalam sejarah manusia. Newton menghembuskan nafas penghabisan tahun 1727, dikebumikan di Westminster Abbey, ilmuwan pertama yang memperoleh penghormatan macam itu.
Michael H. Hart, 1978
Terjemahan H. Mahbub Djunaidi, 1982
Sejarah Nabi Isa
17 June 2009
Majulah Putra Prajaku
Hello the young generation, so we wake up this nation to be more advanced. What saranmu so that we younger generations increasingly bersain at the international level. I wait your opinions!
Hai para generasi muda, ayo kita bangun bangsa ini agar lebih maju. Apa saranmu agar generasi muda kita semakin bersain di tingkat internasional. Saya tunggu pendapatmu!
Hai para generasi muda, ayo kita bangun bangsa ini agar lebih maju. Apa saranmu agar generasi muda kita semakin bersain di tingkat internasional. Saya tunggu pendapatmu!
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